2023年研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試試題(英語二)答案及解析
2023 年考研英語 (二) 真題原文及答案解析 (完整版)
?【南京大學(xué)、南京師范大學(xué)、蘇州大學(xué)考研專業(yè)課資料,點(diǎn)擊關(guān)注】Section I Use of English
Here’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today : you’re the CEO of a small business and though you’re making a nice 1 , you need to find a way to take it to the next level. what you need to do is 2 growth by establishing a growth team. A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus 3 on finding ways to grow.
Let’s look at a real-world 4 . Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees.Working in the 5 departments of engineering, marketing and product development. This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. The 6 was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product. And 7 improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade.
Things changed, 8 , when an innovative project marketing manager came aboard, 9 a growth team and sparked the kind of 10 perspective they needed. By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became clear that the 11 of upgrades wasn’t due to a quality issue. Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered.
Armed with this 12 , the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently 13 the premium version to users of the free version. 14 , upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent.
But in order for your growth, team to succeed, it needs to a have a strong leader. It needs someone who can 15 the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement.
This leader will 16 the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the 17 of these goals. This growth leader is also 18 for keeping the team focus on moving forward and steer them clear of distractions. 19 attractive, new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t 20 the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.
【1】B.profit 原文提到“小公司的 CEO 也掙到了大錢” 。makeaniceprofit 意為“掙得可觀的 利潤” ,故選 profit。
【2】C.prioritize 原文提到“所需要做的是通過建立一個(gè)發(fā)展小組來優(yōu)先促進(jìn)增長”。此處強(qiáng) 調(diào)“優(yōu)先性” ,故選 prioritize。
【3】A.exclusively 原文提到“利用合作的力量來專注于專門尋找增長的方法”。exclusively 表示“獨(dú)占地,專門地” ,符合題意。
【4】D.example 原文提到“來看一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的例子”,此處通過舉例子來例證上文的觀點(diǎn), 故選 example。
【5】D.traditional 原文提到“50 名雇員在工程、市場營銷與產(chǎn)品研發(fā)等傳統(tǒng)部門工作”。 traditional 表示“傳統(tǒng)的” ,符合題意。
【6】D.problem 原文提到“問題是太多的顧客可以免費(fèi)使用其產(chǎn)品的基礎(chǔ)免費(fèi)版本” 。上文指 出最開始卓有成就,但后來陷入了瓶頸期,所以,此處應(yīng)銜接具有產(chǎn)生什么樣的問題。故選 problem。
【7】A.despite 原文提到“雖然對(duì)于付費(fèi)版本做出了一定的改善,但是幾乎沒有人進(jìn)行升級(jí)”。 此處前后形成讓步-轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯,故選 despite。
【8】B.however 原文提到“但是自從一位創(chuàng)新的海外經(jīng)理人的到來使得事情發(fā)生了改變” 。此 處考查上下文的邏輯關(guān)系,上文指出改善沒有得到公眾的買賬,而海外人才的引入?yún)s改變了這一 些,所以,此處應(yīng)填入轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯詞,故選 however。
【9】B.created 原文提到“這名經(jīng)理人創(chuàng)建了發(fā)展團(tuán)隊(duì)” 。此處與首段 establishagrowthteam 形成語義復(fù)現(xiàn),故選 created。
【10】C.fresh 原文提到“引發(fā)了一個(gè)他們所需要的新鮮視角”。創(chuàng)新人才的加入勢必會(huì)給團(tuán)隊(duì) 帶來新鮮血液。此處與本段 innovative 形成語義復(fù)現(xiàn),故選 fresh。
【11】C.lack 原文提到“缺少升級(jí)的原因并不是由質(zhì)量問題多導(dǎo)致,而是大部分消費(fèi)者沒有這 方面的意識(shí)” 。上文提到很少有消費(fèi)者進(jìn)行升級(jí),所以產(chǎn)品缺少升級(jí),故選 lack。
【12】D.insight 原文提到“具備這種洞察力,市場營銷和工程部門加入到了團(tuán)隊(duì)之中”。此處 與上文 freshperspective 形成語義復(fù)現(xiàn),新鮮的看法預(yù)示著對(duì)事情有了更獨(dú)到的見解,故選 insight。
【13】C.promoting 原文提到“將免費(fèi)版本升級(jí)成優(yōu)質(zhì)版本”。此處與后文 upgrade 形成語義復(fù) 現(xiàn),故選 promoting。
【14】A.Asaresult 原文提到“因此,升級(jí)量激增”。此處考查句間的邏輯關(guān)系,由于版本變得 更加優(yōu)質(zhì),所以選擇升級(jí)的人數(shù)數(shù)量在增加,因此應(yīng)填入因果邏輯詞,故選asaresult。
【15】A.unite 原文提到“需要一個(gè)人來聯(lián)合來自跨學(xué)科的組別” 。上文 leader 一詞提示,員 工之間需要團(tuán)結(jié)才能成功。unite 意為“聯(lián)合” ,符合題意。
【16】B.identify 原文提到“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)需要確定目標(biāo)區(qū)域” 。下文指出設(shè)立目標(biāo),所以在設(shè)立目標(biāo) 之前應(yīng)確定目標(biāo)區(qū)域,故選 identify。
【17】D.accomplishment 原文提到“建立時(shí)間框架賴完成這些目標(biāo)” 。上文提到設(shè)立目標(biāo),所 以此處應(yīng)表示實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo),故選 accomplishment。
【18】B.responsible 原文提到“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)需要負(fù)責(zé)去帶領(lǐng)整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)一起前進(jìn)”。beresponsiblefor 意為“對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)” ,符合題意。
【19】C.while 原文提到“雖然很有吸引力,但是新的想法會(huì)讓人分心”。此處體現(xiàn)句間的讓步 -轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系,故選while。
【20】A.serve 原文提到“一些想法不能服務(wù)目前的目標(biāo),并且需要暫時(shí)擱置”。即想法和目標(biāo) 無法實(shí)現(xiàn)協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一,所以需要暫停,故選 serve。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part. A
Text 2
Directions :
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
In the quest for the perfect lawn, homeowners across the country are taking a shortcut – and it is the environment that is paying the price. About eight million square metres of plastic grass is sold each year but opposition has now spread to the highest gardening circles. The Chelsea Flower Show has banned fake grass from this year’s event, declaring it to be not part of its ethos. The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.
Ed Horne, of the RHS, said : “We launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic. We recommend using real grass because of its environmental benefits, which include supporting wildlife, alleviating flooding and cooling the environment. ”
The RHS’s decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problems fake
grass causes. A Twitter account, which claims to “cut through the green-wash” of artificial grass, already has more than 20,000 followers. It is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another calling for an “ecological damage” tax on such lawns. They have gathered 7, 276 and 11, 282 signatures
However, supporters of fake grass point out that there is also an environmental impact with natural lawns, which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol. The industry also points out that real grass requires considerable amounts of water, weed killer or other treatments and that people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden more. The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend an average of £ 500 on trees or shrubs for their garden, which provides habitat for insects.
In response to another petition last year about banning fake lawns, which gathered 30,000 signatures, the government responded that it has “no plans to ban the use of artificial grass.
It added : “We prefer to help people and organizations make the right choice rather than legislating on such matters, However the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards in place to protect biodiversity and ensure sustainable drainage, while measures such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to encourage public authorities to consider sustainable alternatives. ”
21. The RHS thinks that plastic grass_____
A.isharmfultotheenvironment
B. is a hot topic in gardening circles
C. is overpraised in the annual show
D. is ruining the view of West London
解析: 該題為細(xì)節(jié)題, 問 RHS 對(duì)于 plastic grass 塑料草的看法。通過 RHS 和 plastic grass 定位,鎖定句子“The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity. ” 核心句意 “由于塑料草對(duì)環(huán)境和生物多樣性造成的 破壞,RHS 出臺(tái)了這項(xiàng)禁令。 ” 文章中 because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.對(duì)應(yīng) A 選項(xiàng) is harmful to the environment。damage 和 harmful 為同義改寫。
22. The petitions mentioned in Paragraph 3 revealed the campaigners’
A. disappointment with the RHS
B.resistancetofakegrassuse
C. anger over the proposed tax
D. concern about real grass supply
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題,通過題干 petitions(請(qǐng)?jiān)笗?和 campaigners(運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者)進(jìn)行定位。通 過 campaigners 所在句子“The RHS’s decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problems fake grass causes. ”得知,campaigners 試圖提高人們對(duì)假草造成的問題的
認(rèn)識(shí) 。 下文 petitions 所在句子,詳細(xì)說明提升對(duì)假草問題的具體方式: It is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another calling for an “ecological damage” tax on such lawns. 即“呼吁禁 止銷售塑料草,和呼吁對(duì)此類草坪征收“生態(tài)破壞”稅”。只有 B 選項(xiàng) resistance to fake grass use(對(duì)假草使用的抵制),對(duì)定位句進(jìn)行了同義改寫。
23. In Paragraph 4, supporters of fake grass point out______
A. the necessity to lower the costs of fake grass
B.thedisadvantagesofgrowingrealgrass
C. the way to take care of artificial lawns
D. the challenges of insect habitat protection
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題,問假草支持者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。通過第 4 段內(nèi)容可概括出“天然草坪也會(huì)對(duì)環(huán) 境造成影響,并且真正的草需要大量的水、除草劑或其他處理。” 只有 B 選項(xiàng) the disadvantages of growing real grass(種植真草的缺點(diǎn)), 是對(duì)文章的同義概括。
24. What would the government do with regard to artificial grass?
A. Urge legislation to restrict its use
B. Take measures to guarantee its quality
C. Remind its users to obey existing rules.
D. Replace it with sustainable alternatives.
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題, 問“政府會(huì)如何處理人造草?” 通過 government 和 artificial grass 定位,從文章中得知“政府沒有計(jì)劃禁止使用人造草,并且人工草地的使用必須遵守現(xiàn)有的法律 和政策保障措施。文章中的 comply with the legal and policy(遵守法律和政策)與 B 選項(xiàng)Remind its users to obey existing rules. (提醒用戶遵守現(xiàn)有規(guī)則。) 是同義改寫。
25. It can be learned from the text that fake grass____
A. is being improved continuously
B. has seen a market share decline
C. is becoming increasing affordable
D.hasbeenacontroversialproduct
解析:該題為主旨題,問通過文章可以得出什么關(guān)于假草的結(jié)論。本題考查對(duì)文章主旨和段落大 意的把握。 文章闡述了 RHS, 假草支持者,和政府對(duì)于假草的不同態(tài)度,其中RHS 禁止假草的 使用,而政府表明沒有禁止計(jì)劃。各方觀點(diǎn)明確并闡述了理由。因?yàn)槲恼率菄@ fake grass展 開爭議,因?yàn)榇鸢甘?D,是“有爭議性的產(chǎn)品”。
Text 2
It’s easy to dismiss as absurd the Trump administration’s ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks. Can anyone really think it’s a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Park?
But the administration is right about one thing : U.S. national parks are in crisis. Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion. Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.
But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be the panacea that the Interior Department’s Outdoor Advisory Committee would have us believe. Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog, and concessionaires in the parks hand over, on average, only about 5% of their revenues to the National Park Service.
Moreover, increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year : to enjoy nature and get a respite from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.
The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding. We conducted a comprehensive survey examining how U.S. residents view their national parks, and we found that Americans place a very high value on them — whether or not they actually visit them. The peer-reviewed economic survey of 700 U.S. taxpayers, conducted by mail and internet, also found that people would be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact. Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks.
The national parks provide great value to U.S. residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature. On top of this, they produce value from their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural and artistic life, and of course through tourism. The parks also help keep America’s past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites — including Ellis Island and Gettysburg — and to bring the stories of these places to life.
The parks do all this on a shoestring. Congress allocates only $3 billion a year to the national park system — an amount that has been flat since 2001 (in inflation-adjusted dollars) with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009 as part of the Obama stimulus package. Meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors per year.
26.What problem are US national parks faced with?
A.Decline of business profits.
B.Inadequate commercialization.
C.Lack of transportation services.
D.Poorly maintained infrastructure.
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題, 問美國國家公園面臨著什么問題,根據(jù) problem, US national parks 回 到原文定位,文中提到:“美國國家公園正處于危機(jī)之中。他們總共有超過 120 億美元的維護(hù)費(fèi) 用積壓下來沒有撥款。 ” ( U.S. national parks are in crisis. Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion.)所以美國國家公園面臨著維護(hù)缺錢的問題, 即基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施維護(hù)不良。
27.Increased privatization of the campgrounds may .
A. spoil visitor experience
B. help preserve nature
C. bring operational pressure
D. boost visits to parks
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題, 問增加露營地的私有化可能會(huì)如何,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞 privatization, the campgrounds 回到原文定位,文中提到:“增加私有化肯定會(huì)削弱每年 3 億游客來公園的主要原 因之一:享受自然,從淹沒日常生活的商業(yè)鼓聲中得到喘息。”(increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year : to enjoy nature and get a respite from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.)所以增加露營地的私有化可能會(huì)讓游客仍然受到商業(yè)的影響,不能更好地享受自然, 即破壞游客體驗(yàn)。
28.According to Paragraph 5, most respondents in the survey would
A. go to the national parks on a regular basis.
B.advocate a bigger budget for the national parks.
C.agree to pay extra for the national parks.
D.support the national parks’ recent reforms.
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題,問調(diào)查中的大多數(shù)受訪者會(huì)如何,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞 respondents,the survey 回到原文定位, 文中提到:“約81%的受訪者表示,他們?cè)敢庠谖磥?10 年繳納額外的稅款,以 避免任何削減國家公園的開支。 ” (Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks.) 所以調(diào)查中的大多數(shù)受訪者會(huì)愿意額外繳納稅款,即同意為國家公園支付額外的費(fèi)用。
29.The national parks are valuable in that they
A.lead the way in tourism.
B.have historical significance
C.sponsor research on climate
D. provide an income for the locals.
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題,問國家公園很有價(jià)值因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)趺礃樱鶕?jù)關(guān)鍵詞 the national parks, valuable 回到原文中定位,文中提到,這些公園還有助于讓美國的歷史充滿活力,與全國數(shù)千 個(gè)地方司法機(jī)構(gòu)合作,保護(hù)包括埃利斯島和葛底斯堡在內(nèi)的歷史遺跡,并讓這些地方的故事變得 生動(dòng)起來。 ” (The parks also help keep America’s past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites — including Ellis Island and Gettysburg — and to bring the stories of these places to life.)所以國家 公園很有價(jià)值因?yàn)樗鼈冇兄谧屆绹臍v史充滿活力,保護(hù)歷史遺跡,即有歷史意義。
30.It can be concluded from the text that the national park system
A.is able to cope with staff shortage.
B.is able to meet visitor’s demands.
C.is in need of a new price policy.
D.is in need of a funding increase.
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題,問國家公園體系如何,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞 the national park system 回到原文 中定位,文中提到:“國會(huì)每年只給國家公園系統(tǒng)撥款 30 億美元——這一數(shù)額自 2001 年以來一
直沒有變化(以通貨膨脹調(diào)整后的美元計(jì)算),除了 2009 年作為奧巴馬刺激計(jì)劃一部分的一次增 加。與此同時(shí), 自 1980 年以來,每年的游客數(shù)量增長了 50%以上,現(xiàn)在每年達(dá)到 3.3 億人次。 ” (Congress allocates only $3 billion a year to the national park system — an amount that has been flat since 2001 (in inflation-adjusted dollars) with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009 as part of the Obama stimulus package. Meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors peryear.)可以得知,國家公園體系得到的撥款每年基本上保持不變,然而參觀公園的游客再增 長,所以國家公園體系需要撥款資金的增加。
Text 3
The Internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to do so, suggests Columbia University psychology professor Betsy Sparrow. In 2011, Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record 40 factoids in a computer (“an ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain, ” for example). Half of the participants were told the information would be erased, while the other half were told it would be saved. Guess what? The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it on their computers. In the same study, a group was asked to remember both the information and the folders it was stored in. They didn’t remember the information, but they remembered how to find the folders. In other words, human memory is not deteriorating but “adopting to new communications technology, ” Sparrow says.
In a very practical way, the Internet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories, a process known as “cognitive offloading. ” Traditionally, this role was fulfilled by data banks, libraries, and other humans. Your father may never remember birthdays because your mother does, for instance. Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society, but Sparrow sees an upside. Perhaps, she suggests, the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking something that is not available on the Internet. “I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things, ” Sparrow says, adding that we haven’t lost our ability to do it.
Still other experts say it’s too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains. There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus, for instance, wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel.J. Simons. And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-savvy older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California, Los Angeles.
“There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet, but I’ d have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs, ”observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm. “It seems pretty clear that memory is changing, but is it changing for the better? At this point, we don’t know. ”
31. Sparrow’s study show that with the Internet, the human brain will____
A. analyze information in detail
B. collect information efficiently
C.switchitsfocusofmemory
D. extend its memory duration
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題, 問 Sparrow 的研究表明在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代,人類大腦會(huì)怎樣。通過 Sparrow 定位,最終鎖定第一段最后一句,即對(duì)研究結(jié)論的表“human memory is not deteriorating but “adapting to new communications technology,” 人類的記憶并沒有退化,而是“適應(yīng)新的通 信技術(shù)” 。 CD 選項(xiàng)都提到了memory, C 是轉(zhuǎn)換大腦記憶焦點(diǎn),D 是延長大腦記憶時(shí)間。文章中 的“適應(yīng)新的通信技術(shù)” 對(duì)應(yīng) C 選項(xiàng)“轉(zhuǎn)換焦點(diǎn)。 ”,因此答案是 C。
32. The process of “cognitive offloading ”_______
A. helps us identify false information
B. keeps our memory from failing
C. enables us to classify trivial facts
D.lessensourmemoryburdens
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題,通過 cognitive offloading 定位。 文章描述“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)正在成為我們記憶 的外部硬盤,這一過程被稱為“cognitive offloading”。傳統(tǒng)上,這一角色是由數(shù)據(jù)庫、圖書 館和其他人類完成的。例如,你的父親可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)記得生日,因?yàn)槟愕哪赣H會(huì)記得。 ” 即 cognitive offloading 可以幫助儲(chǔ)存部分記憶,即對(duì)應(yīng) D 選項(xiàng)“減輕我們的記憶負(fù)擔(dān)”。
33. Which of the following would Sparrows support about the Internet?
A. It may reform our learning approach
B. It may impact our society negatively
C. It may enhance our adaptability to technology
D. It may interfere with our conceptual thinking
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題,通過 Sparrows 進(jìn)行定位,本句話表明了 Sparrows 的觀點(diǎn):“the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking” “也許,她建議,這一趨勢將改變我們的學(xué)習(xí)方 式,從關(guān)注個(gè)人事實(shí)和記憶轉(zhuǎn)變,變?yōu)殛P(guān)注更多的概念思維”。A 選項(xiàng) Itmay reform our learning approach(它可能會(huì)改變我們的學(xué)習(xí)方式)是對(duì)文章的同義改寫。
34. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that how the Internet affects our brains_____
A.requiresfurtheracademicresearch
B. is most studied in older adults
C. is reflected in our reading speed
D. depends on our web-surfing habits
解析:該題為推斷題。段首句明確表示 “還有其他專家表示,現(xiàn)在了解互聯(lián)網(wǎng)如何影響我們的 大腦還為時(shí)過早。 ” 。A 選項(xiàng)“需要進(jìn)一步的學(xué)術(shù)研究” 是對(duì)文章的同義改寫。
35. Neither Sparrows nor Storm would agree that______
A. our reliance on the Internet will be costly
B. the Internet is weakening our memory
C. memory exercise is a must for our brains
D. our ability to fucus declines with age
解析:該題為觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比,問 Sparrows 和 Storm 都不會(huì)同意什么。Sparrows 認(rèn)為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)可以改變 我們的學(xué)習(xí)方式,Storm 在文章最后一段表明觀點(diǎn)。 “There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet, but I’d have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs,” “我們對(duì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的依賴增加可能會(huì)帶來一些成本,但我 不得不想象,總的來說,收益將超過這些成本。”,因?yàn)?Storm 也支持互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。即兩人都沒有認(rèn) 為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)有害,對(duì)應(yīng) B 選項(xiàng) the Internet is weakening our memory,即都不會(huì)認(rèn)為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)正 在削弱我們的記憶。
Text4
Teenagers are paradoxical. That’s a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.
A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.
The researchers studied prosocial and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative like getting drunk or staying out late.
Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older. But the new study shows that interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend.
Most significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.
Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call “reward sensitivity.” Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs. “Reward sensitivity” measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.
Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards—winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you. Reward sensitivity like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the couch.
36.According to Paragraph 1, children growing into adolescence tend to .
A.develop opposite personality traits
B.see the world in an unreasonable way.
C.have fond memories of their past.
D.show affection for their parents.
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題, 問進(jìn)入青春期的孩子往往會(huì)如何,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞 children,adolescence 回到原文中定位, 文中提到: “在青春期,無助和依賴成年人的孩子成為獨(dú)立的人,他們可以 照顧自己,互相幫助。與此同時(shí),曾經(jīng)快樂順從的孩子變成了叛逆的冒險(xiǎn)家,往往到了自我毀滅 的地步。 (In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers, often to the point of self-destruction. )所以進(jìn)入青春期的孩子往 往發(fā)展出相反的人格特征。
37.It can be learned form Paragraph 2 that Crone’s study
A. explores teenagers’ social responsibilities.
B. examines teenagers’ emotional problems.
C. provides a new insight into adolescence.
D. highlights negative adolescent behavior.
解析: 該題為細(xì)節(jié)題,問 Crone 的研究如何,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞 Crone’s study 回到原文中定位,文 中提到:“這項(xiàng)研究是對(duì)青春期思考的新浪潮的一部分。很長一段時(shí)間以來,科學(xué)家和政策制定 者都認(rèn)為青少年是一個(gè)需要解決的問題。這項(xiàng)新研究強(qiáng)調(diào),青春期是一個(gè)充滿機(jī)遇和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的時(shí)期。” (The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well asrisk.)所以Crone 的研究和以往對(duì)于青春期的思考不一樣,即為青春期提供了一個(gè)新的見解。
38.What does Crone’s study find about prosocial behavior?
A.It results from the wish to cooperate.
B.It is cultivated through education.
C.It is subject to family influence.
D.It tends to peak in adolescence
解析:該題為細(xì)節(jié)題,問關(guān)于親社會(huì)的行為,Crone 的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞Crone’s study, prosocial behavior 回到原文中定位,文中提到: “有趣的是,這項(xiàng)新研究表明,親社會(huì)行為 也存在同樣的模式。青少年比年幼的兒童或成年人更有可能報(bào)告他們做過無私地幫助朋友等事 情。 ” ( the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend.)所以相比幼童和成人,青少年更容易做出親社
會(huì)的行為,即親社會(huì)的行為往往在青春期達(dá)到頂峰。
39.It can be learned from the last two paragraphs that teenagers
A.overstress their influence on others.
B.care a lot about social recognition.
C.become anxious about their future.
D.endeavor to live a joyful life.
解析:該題為推理題,問青少年如何,文中提到:“青少年對(duì)社會(huì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)特別敏感——贏得比賽, 給新朋友留下深刻印象,讓那個(gè)男孩注意到你。 ” (Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards—winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you.)這些都是說青少年在乎社會(huì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),即社會(huì)認(rèn)可。
40.What is the text mainly about?
A.Why teenagers are self-contradictory.
B.Why teenagers are sensitive.
C.How teenagers develop prosociality.
D.How teenagers become independent.
解析:該題為主旨題,第一段開頭提到青少年是矛盾的,中間部分通過實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)主要討論青 少年自相矛盾的表現(xiàn),最后部分探討了青少年自相矛盾產(chǎn)生的原因。 所以這篇文章主要討論了 青少年為什么是自相矛盾的。
Part B
Directions :
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
New building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to increase the price of new homes, as well as those of extensions and loft conversions on existing ones.
The rules, which came into effect on Wednesday in England, are part of government plans to reduce the UK’s carbon emissions to net zero by 2050. They set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating, and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.
The moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years, and industry experts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs is already driving up bills.
Brian Berry, chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders, a trade group
for small and medium-sized builders, says the measures will require new materials, testing methods, products and systems to be installed. “All this comes at an increased cost during a time when prices are already sky high. Inevitably, consumers will have to pay more, ” he says.
Gareth Belsham, of surveyors Naismiths, says people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly affected.
“The biggest changes relate to heating and insulation, ” he says. “There are new
rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated. ”
The changes could mean an extra £3,000 added to the bill of an average home extension, according to Jonathan Rolande of the National Association of Property Buyers, a group of professionals aimed at raising construction standards.
Homeowners extending may see the amount of space they have decrease, as walls will have to be thicker in order to comply with requirements for better insulation.
Andrew Mellor, of PRP architects, says external walls will need to be about 7cm thicker than previously.
Windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards, while there are new limits on the amount of glazing you can have to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.
Thomas Goodman, of MyJobQuote, a site which sources quotes, says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions.
“Glazing on windows, doors and roof lights must cover no more than 25% of the floor
area to prevent heat loss, ” he says.
As properties become more airtight, there are also measures to ensure proper airflow, such as having small openings (trickle vents) on windows that allow ventilation when a window is closed.
For people extending their homes, they may be required to install a new, or replacement, heating system depending on the size of the build, says Belsham. These will have to use lower temperature water to deliver the same heat, which will require increased insulation of pipes.
“We’ll see more insulation, better lighting design and restrictions on the amount of glass used in some areas. But with more thermal-efficient homes can come the risk of overheating due to solar gain, and so ventilation is also covered, ” says Rolande. “As a result, double-glazed windows will require trickle vents to let heat escape and also to provide fresh air for health reasons and, of course, to reduce the risk of condensation build up in an ever-more airtight property. ”
As the rules came into effect last Wednesday, property developers were rushing to file plans just before the deadline, according to Belsham. Any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules, and can go ahead as long as work starts before 15 June next year.
An average extension will probably see around £3,000 additional cost thanks to the
new regs
Builders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates, says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator, which prices projects.
As the changes are aimed to make homes more energy efficient, they will eventually drive down heating bills. But in the short-term homeowners are likely to face higher costs for work.
Materials prices are already up 25% in the last two years, according to figures from
the Construction Products Association.
How much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is not clear. “While admirable in their intentions, they will add to the cost of housebuilding at
a time when many already feel that they are priced out of homeownership, ” says Rolande. “An average extension will probably see around £3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regs. ”
John Kelly, a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm, believes prices will eventually come down. But not in the immediate future. “As the marketplace adapts to the new requirements, and the technologies that support them, the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring costs down, but in the short term, we will all have to pay the price of the necessary transition, ” he says.
However, the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and energy-efficient homes, adds Mellor. “Homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings. It will obviously be very volatile at the moment, but they will have that benefit over time. ”
[A] The rise of home prices is a temporary matter. | |
41. Brain Berry | [B] Builders possibly need to submit new estimates of their projects. |
42. Gareth Belsham | [C] There will be specific limits on home extensions to prevent heat loss. |
43. Marcus Jefford | [D] The new rules will take home prices to an even higher level. |
44. John Kelly | [E] Many people feel that home prices are already beyond what they can afford. |
45. Andrew Mellor | [F] The new rules will affect people whose home extensions include new windows or doors. |
[G]The rule changes will benefithomeowners eventually. |
The new rules will take home prices to an even higher level.
根據(jù)題干 Brian Berry 進(jìn)行定位,原文提到“All this comes at an increased cost during a time when prices are already sky high. ”,即在價(jià)格已經(jīng)高得離譜的時(shí)候,所有這些都會(huì)增 加成本。對(duì)于消費(fèi)者而言,新政策的發(fā)布會(huì)讓原本就很高的房價(jià)繼續(xù)攀高。D 項(xiàng)為原文的同義改 寫,故 D 項(xiàng)正確。
The new rules will affect people whose home extensions include new windows or doors. 根據(jù)題干 Gareth Belsham 進(jìn)行定位,原文提到“people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly affected” ,即考慮升級(jí)或者擴(kuò)建房屋的人們會(huì)受到影響。F 項(xiàng)為原 文的同義改寫,故 F 項(xiàng)正確。
Builders possibly need to submit new estimates of their projects.
根據(jù)題干 Marcus Jefford 定位定位,原文提到“Builders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates” ,即已經(jīng)估 算項(xiàng)目成本但尚未提交文件的建筑商可能需要回去提交新的估算。B 項(xiàng)為原文的同義改寫,故 B 項(xiàng)正確。
The rise of home prices is a temporary matter.
根據(jù) John Kelly 進(jìn)行定位,原文提到“John Kelly, a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm, believes prices will eventually come down. But not in the immediate future. ”,即房 價(jià)最終一定會(huì)下降,但并不是在短期之內(nèi)。所以,房價(jià)的下跌只是一個(gè)時(shí)間問題。A 項(xiàng)為原文的 同義改寫,故 A 項(xiàng)正確。
The rule changes will benefit homeowners eventually.
根據(jù) Andrew Mellor 進(jìn)行定位,原文提到“”Homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings. It will obviously be very volatile at the moment, but they will have that benefit over time. ”,即隨著時(shí)間的推移,房主很可能會(huì)通過節(jié)省能源賬單 來收回這筆費(fèi)用。 目前情況顯然會(huì)很不穩(wěn)定,但隨著時(shí)間的推移,他們會(huì)從中受益。G 項(xiàng)為原文 的同義改寫,故 G 項(xiàng)正確。
section III Translation
【46】
In the late 18th century, William Wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature. And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural world.
Poetry is powerful. Its energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make then see things differently. Through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic, funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.
No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years, even before people could write. It was a way to tell stories and pass down history. It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud. Poems really come to life when they ave recited. This can also help with understanding them too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer.
第一段簡單介紹了一下威廉 ·華茲華斯以及引出話題詩歌。
18 世紀(jì)晚期,威廉 ·華茲華斯因其關(guān)于自然的詩歌而聞名。他是浪漫主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的創(chuàng)始人之
一,該運(yùn)動(dòng)頌揚(yáng)自然世界的奇跡。
第二段概說詩歌的作用。
詩歌是有力量的。它的能量和節(jié)奏可以吸引讀者,將讀者帶到另一個(gè)世界,讓他們以不同的 方式看待事物。通過精心挑選的詞語和短語,詩歌可以是戲劇性的、有趣的、美麗的、動(dòng)人的和 鼓舞人心的。
第三段概說詩歌的來源。
沒有人確切地知道詩歌是什么時(shí)候開始的,但它已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)千年,甚至在人們會(huì)寫字之前。 這是一種講述故事和傳承歷史的方式。它與歌曲密切相關(guān),即使是寫出來的,也通常是為了大聲
表演而創(chuàng)作的。當(dāng)詩歌被朗誦出來時(shí),才真正活起來。因?yàn)槔收b出來,單詞的節(jié)奏和發(fā)音變得更 加清晰,所以這也有助于人們理解詩歌。
Section IV Writing
Part A
【47】Directions :
An art exhibition and a robot show are to be held on Sunday, and your friend David asks you which one he should go to.
Write him an email to
1) make a suggestion, and
2) give your reason(s)
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
參考范文
Dear David,
How are you doing recently? I am writing this email to provide some advice on the exhibition and show.
The detailed information is as follows. First of all, it is highly suggested that you should go to the robot show since I know you are always interested in the robot and machine. In addition, it is advisable for you to know some information about the ticket price and some limitation in advance. Last but not least, it is extremely important that you should utilize this platform to make more friends who have a lot of common with you.
I hope the above information would be useful. I am looking forward to your favorable reply.
Yours sincerely, Li Ming
Part B
【48】In your essay, you should describe the picture briefly, interpret the implied
meaning and give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
參考范文
The above line chart explicitly presents information about the health literacy level of the citizens in China from 2012 to 2021. As is clearly illustrated in the graph, the share of health literacy ascended slightly from 8.8% to 11.58% from 2012 to 2016. Meanwhile, the proportion increased greatly from 11.58% to 25.4% from 2016 to 2021.
Several factors, from my perspective, can be easily found to account for the phenomenon, among which I would like to name three most significant ones as follows. In the first place, it is universally acknowledged that the relevant health departments has spared more efforts to advocate and encourage the public to pay attention to the physical and mental health. In addition, there is no denying that with the rapid development of social media such as short videos, more and more residents can get more health tips online. Last but not least, the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 in 2019 has been a wake-up call for many people, who began to focus on healthy and nutritious diet and do exercise, which is another significant factor that could not be ignored.
Taking all these factors into consideration, we can safely come to the conclusion that the current trend will continue for a while in the near future.
關(guān)注考研公眾號(hào):“卡巴學(xué)長考研” 領(lǐng)取南京大學(xué)、南京師范大學(xué)、蘇州大學(xué)考研資料包,找直系學(xué)長學(xué)姐